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1.
Weekly Epidemiological Monitor. 2016; 09 (42): 1
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-187382

ABSTRACT

The Ministry of Health of Somalia has reported a decrease in the number of cholera cases reported from the country. During the week 38, a total of 27 cases of acute watery diarrhoea/cholera were reported from only two areas of the country [19 cases from the Banadir region and 8 cases from Beletweyne district]


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Vibrio cholerae/pathogenicity , Diarrhea, Infantile/mortality , Feces/cytology , Public Health
2.
EMHJ-Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 2016; 22 (10): 756-760
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-184215

ABSTRACT

This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites and their seasonal variation in northern Jordan. A total of 21 906 stool samples were collected over a period of 4 years [2009-2013] from 5 government hospitals in 3 cities. Samples were processed and examined microscopically and by concentration methods. Parasitic infection was found in 9611 samples [44%]. Giardia lamblia was the most prevalent parasite [41%] followed by Entamoeba histolytica [31%] and Ent. coli [13%]; the least prevalent parasites were Ascaris lumbricoides [1%], Hymenolepis nana, Taenia sp., and Chilomastix mesnili [all < 1%]. The prevalence of different parasites varied according to season, on average the summer months showed the highest incidence of parasitic infection [62%] compared with the winter months [16%]. Giardia lamblia and Ent. histolytica were most prevalent in the summer months


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Male , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Young Adult , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Seasons , Abdominal Pain/diagnosis , Giardia lamblia/pathogenicity , Entamoeba histolytica , Feces/cytology , Prevalence
3.
EMHJ-Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 2016; 22 (12): 860-864
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-184228

ABSTRACT

We examined the role of Helicobacter pylori infection as a cause of recurrent abdominal pain [RAP] among Iranian children in a population-based case-control study to determine the association between H. pylori infection and RAP among schoolchildren. A total of 1558 children aged 6-13 years were examined. Children with RAP confirmed by the Apley and Naish criteria were selected; 145 cases were selected for inclusion and were compared with 145 healthy children recruited from the same area. Both groups underwent stool antigen testing. The prevalence of RAP in the children tested was 9.3%. Children with RAP had a higher H. pylori infection rate than the control group [58.6% vs 44.8%] [OR = 1.744; 95% CI: 1.095-2.776]. There was no significant difference between the RAP symptoms in children with positive stool test, i.e. infected with H. pylori, and those whose tests were negative. We identified H. pylori infection in more than 55% of the case group. Therefore, H. pylori infection can be considered an important factor for RAP in children


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Male , Child , Adolescent , Helicobacter pylori/pathogenicity , Abdominal Pain/etiology , Child , Feces/cytology , Case-Control Studies
4.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec ; 67(5): 1249-1253, tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-764445

ABSTRACT

Este é o primeiro relado sobre a ocorrência de Leishmaniasp. em fezes de cão. Foram encontradas formas amastigotas intra e extracelulares por meio de citologia de amostra fecal de um cão apresentando hematoquezia recorrente associada à leishmaniose visceral canina. O diagnóstico de Leishmania infantumfoi confirmado por PCR de fezes e por cultura e PCR em amostras de baço.


This is the first report of the occurrence of Leishmania sp. in dog feces. Intra and extracellular amastigote forms were found by cytology in fecal samples from a dog presenting recurrent hematochezia associated with canine visceral leishmaniasis. Diagnosis of Leishmania infantum was confirmed in the feces by PCR and in spleen samples by culture and PCR.


Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Feces/cytology , Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/veterinary , Leishmania infantum , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Gastrointestinal Tract/physiopathology
6.
Kasmera ; 40(2): 186-194, jul. 2012. ilus, graf, mapas, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-698172

ABSTRACT

Los estudios de prevalencia de enteroparásitos generalmente se efectúan en población infantil, por ser la más susceptible a estas infecciones; sin embargo, para evaluar la situación en adultos se realizó la presente investigación. Se efectuó el examen coproparasitológico a 95 personas asintomáticas mayores de 18 años, provenientes de 3 diferentes localidades del estado Zulia, Venezuela. Las muestras fecales se sometieron al examen microscópico con SSF-Lugol y método de concentración con formol-éter. 64 individuos (67,36%) presentaron una o varias especies de parásitos intestinales y de éstos, el 81,25% presentaba al menos un parásito patógeno para los humanos. 31 individuos presentaron más de una especie parasitaria (poliparasitismo), con un máximo de 3 especies por hospedador. Se identificaron 7 especies de protozoarios intestinales incluyendo patógenos y comensales, así como 2 especies de helmintos. Predominaron los casos de protozoosis (93) sobre las helmintiasis (10). La mayor frecuencia correspondió a Blastocystis sp. entre los protozoarios y Ascaris lumbricoides entre los helmintos, así mismo, existió un predominio de A. lumbricoides y Trichuris trichiura en la comunidad Los Pescadores, al comparar las tres comunidades estudiadas. La asociación parasitaria más frecuente fue Blastocystis sp. con varias amibas. Este estudio detectó una elevada prevalencia de protozoarios intestinales y particularmente de Blastocystis sp.


Prevalence studies for intestinal parasites are usually performed on children, since they are the most susceptible to these infections; however, this research was conducted to assess the situation in adults. Stool examination was performed on 95 asymptomatic persons over 18 years old, from three different locations in the state of Zulia, Venezuela. Fecal samples were submitted to microscopic examination with SSF-Lugol and the concentration method with formalin ether. Sixty-four individuals (67.36%) had one or more species of intestinal parasites and of these, 81.25% had at least one parasite pathogenic for humans. Thirty-one individuals had more than one parasite species (polyparasitism), with a maximum of three species per host. Seven intestinal protozoa species were identified, including pathogens and commensals, as well as 2 species of helminths. Protozoosis cases predominated (93) over helminths (10). The greatest frequencies corresponded to Blastocystis sp. among protozoa and Ascaris lumbricoides among helminths; also, there was a predominance of A. lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura in the community Los Pescadores, when comparing the three communities studied. The most frequent parasitic association was Blastocystis sp. with several amoebas. This study found a high prevalence of intestinal protozoa and particularly Blastocystis sp.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Female , Young Adult , Ascaris lumbricoides/parasitology , Feces/cytology , Helminthiasis/parasitology , Helminthiasis/pathology , Protozoan Infections/pathology , Parasitology
7.
Arch. venez. pueric. pediatr ; 75(1): 16-19, mar. 2012. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-659136

ABSTRACT

La esteatorrea es la pérdida de grasa en las heces. Se manifiesta clínicamente con heces fétidas, grasosas y abundantes. Se puede determinar por el método Van de Kamer, el esteatocrito acidificado y la tinción sudan III en heces. El objetivo del presente trabajo es precisar el valor normal de la prueba Sudan III en heces. Se incluyeron las muestras de heces de 2000 niños sanos (recién nacidos pre-término, recién nacidos a término, lactantes de 1-4 meses y de 5-12 meses de edad), 500 muestras por grupo. Se realizó en el Hospital Universitario de los Andes, en Mérida-Venezuela, durante los años 1999-2009. En la prueba se utilizó la tinción sudan III y el reactivo de Saathoff, con lente microscópico de 40 y se tomaron en cuenta las gotas grandes y medianas de grasa por campo. Es una investigación clínica con enfoque epidemiológico, observacional de tipo aleatoria. Del total de niños 53% fueron varones y 47% niñas. El promedio de evacuaciones por día fue de 3 en los recién nacidos, de 2 a 3 en los lactantes menores de 4 meses y de 1 a 2 en los de 5 a 12 meses de edad. El valor normal de la prueba Sudan III en heces varía dependiendo de la edad. En RN pre-término un promedio de 5.4 gotas (12-0 gotas)de grasa por campo, en RN a término 7.9 gotas (16-0), en lactantes menores de 4 meses de edad 4.3 gotas (10-0) y en los lactantes de 5-12 meses 3.8 gotas (6-0) de grasa por campo. La prueba Sudan III orienta en el diagnostico de esteatorrea en niños, en pacientes con mala absorción intestinal y en la evaluación del uso de enzimas pancreáticas. Es una técnica sencilla, económica y fácil de realizar. El conocer los valores normales dependiendo de la edad pediátrica permite al médico tratante plantear la existencia de esteatorrea patológica.Palabras claves: esteatorrea, prueba Sudan III en heces


Steatorrhea is the loss of fat through the stools. It becomes clinically apparent with the presence of increased amounts of foul and fatty stools. It can be determined through the Van de Kamer method, the acid steatocrit and the Sudan III stain test of stools. The objective of this paper is to specify the normal value of the Sudan III Stain Test of stools. 2000 healthy children stools samples were included. Age groups were preterm’s, newborns, and infants between 1-4 and 5-12 months of age, 500 samples were collected for every group. The study was performed at the Hospital Universitario de los Andes, in Mérida-Venezuela, during years 1999 through 2009. The Sudan III Stain Test and the Saathoff reactive were employed, as well as a highpower objective lens. The number of large and medium fat drops by field was considered for the classification. This is a prospective, observational, randomized clinical trial. For the total number of children (53% males and 47% females) the average of evacuations per day showed a total of 3 times inthe newborns, from 2 to 3 times in the infants between 1-4 months of age and from 1 to 2 times in the infants between 5 and 12 months of age. The normal value of the Sudan III Stain Test of stools varies according to age: in preterm newborns this test shows an average of 5,4 drops (12-0) of fat per field, in full term newborns 7,9 drops (16-0), in infants from 0 to 4 months 4,3 drops (10-0) and in infants between 5 and 12 months 3,8 drops (6-0) of fat per field. Sudan III Stain Test guides in the diagnosis of steatorrhea in children, in patients with intestinal malabsorption syndrome and in the evaluation of the indication of pancreatic enzymes. This is a cheap, simple and easy technique .To know the normal values in the different pediatric age groups, allows to establish the presence of steatorrhea


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Steatorrhea/diagnosis , Steatorrhea/pathology , Medical Examination/methods , Feces/cytology , Pediatrics
8.
Kasmera ; 39(2): 98-106, jul.-dic. 2011. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-653997

ABSTRACT

La relación existente entre una inadecuada manipulación de los alimentos y la producción de infecciones gastrointestinales a través de éstos, ha sido ampliamente demostrada y una gran variedad de microorganismos entre ellos Salmonella spp. está asociada a esta transmisión. El propósito de esta investigación fue detectar la prevalencia de Salmonella a partir de muestras de heces en manipuladores de alimentos que laboran en dos comedores universitarios del estado Zulia. Entre los meses abril y julio del año 2009, se cultivaron 40 muestras de heces de individuos asintomáticos de ambos sexos y diferentes edades. El aislamiento e identificación bioquímica y serológica se realizó siguiendo la metodología convencional. Las pruebas de susceptibilidad a los agentes antimicrobianos se efectuaron según el método de difusión del disco siguiendo los criterios establecidos por el CLSI. Del total de muestras procesadas 4 de ellas (10%) resultaron positivas para el género Salmonella, 3 (75%) correspondientes al serogrupo B y 1 (25%) resultó ser al serogrupo E1. El 50% de las cepas mostró resistencia a ampicilina. La presencia de Salmonella en las heces de los manipuladores constituye un grave problema de salud pública, que no debe pasar desapercibido debido a su elevada infectividad y a su asociación a brotes importantes


The relationship between inadequate food handling and the production of gastrointestinal infections has been amply demonstrated, and a variety of organisms, including Salmonella, are associated with this transmission. The purpose of this research was to detect the prevalence of Salmonella in stool samples from food handlers who work in two dining rooms at the Zulia state university. Between April and July of 2009, 40 samples were cultured from stools of asymptomatic individuals of both sexes and different ages. Isolation, biochemical and serological identification were performed using conventional methodology. Tests for susceptibility to antimicrobial agents were done using the disk diffusion method, following criteria established by the CLSI. Of the total samples processed, four of them (10%) were positive for Salmonella 3, (75%) for serogroup B and 1 (25%) for serogroup E1. 50% of the strains were ampicillin resistant. The presence of Salmonella in the stools of food handlers is a major public health problem that should not go unnoticed due to its high infectivity and association with major outbreaks


Subject(s)
Feces/cytology , Feces/microbiology , Food Handling/methods , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/epidemiology , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/pathology , Salmonella/pathogenicity , Salmonella/virology , Collective Feeding
10.
Rev. gastroenterol. Perú ; 31(3): 216-223, jul.-set. 2011. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIPECS | ID: lil-692388

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCCIÓN. Los leucocitos fecales son utilizados para identificar diarrea invasiva y decidir el uso de antibióticos. Se conoce poco sobre su utilidad en hospitales de países en desarrollo con procesos de laboratorio eficientes. Buscamos evaluar el rendimiento diagnóstico de la prueba en menores de 5 años con diarrea aguda. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS. Estudio retrospectivo de registros clínicos y de laboratorio en el Hospital de Emergencias Pediátricas, Lima, Perú. Se evaluó los casos a los que se había solicitado sistemática e independientemente leucocitos fecales y coprocultivo. Se calculó sensibilidad, especificidad, valores predictivos, cocientes de probabilidad (CP) y la curva de características operativas del receptor (ROC). RESULTADOS. De 1,804 muestras fecales, 901 (49,9%) fueron positivos para uno o más enteropatógenos bacterianos. La sensibilidad (S), especificidad (E), y el CP positivo variaron para los diferentes umbrales: más de 5 leucocitos por campo (S: 93.2%, E: 21.9%, CP: 1.9), más de 20 (S: 88.4%, E: 34.8%, CP: 1.35), más de 50 (S: 74.9%, E: 56.7%, CP: 1.73), y más de 100 (S: 60.7%, E: 71.9%, CP: 2.17). El área bajo la curva ROC fue 0.69 (IC 95%: 0.67-0.72). CONCLUSIONES. El rendimiento de la prueba es sub-óptimo y continuar su uso rutinario en la práctica clínica no parece justificado, pues promueve el abuso de antibióticos y por otro lado aumenta el riesgo de pasar por alto pacientes con diarrea invasiva. Se necesita estudiar el rendimiento diagnóstico de datos epidemiológicos y clínicos combinados con leucocitos fecales o lactoferrina fecal, para identificar una aproximación más eficiente.


INTRODUCTION. Fecal leukocytes are widely used to identify invasive diarrhea and to make then the decision of prescribing or not antibiotics. This test has been hardly assessed in small hospitals of developing countries with efficient laboratory processes. We aimed to assess the diagnostic performance of different thresholds of fecal leukocytes in children under-five with acute diarrhea. MATERIAL AND METHODS. Retrospective study of clinical and laboratory records in the Pediatric Emergency Hospital, Lima, Peru. All cases with a stool culture and fecal leukocytes independently and systematically performed were studied. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, likelihood ratios (LR), and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves were calculated. RESULTS. Out of 1,804 stool samples assessed, 901 (49,9%) were positive for one or more bacterial entheropathogens. Sensitivity (Sn), specificity (Sp), and positive LR varied for different thresholds: more than 5 (S: 93.2%, Sp: 21.9%, LR+:), more than 20 (Sn: %, Sp: %, +LR: ), more than 50 (Sn: 74.9%, Sp: 56.7%, +LR: 1.73), and more than 100 fecal leukocytes per high power field (Sn: 60.7%, Sp: 71.9%, LR+: 2.17). The general area under the ROC curve was 0.69 (CI 95%: 0.67-0.72). CONCLUSIONS. Diagnostic performance of fecal leukocytes is suboptimal and may not warrant its continued use in developing settings, as it promotes antibiotic abuse, and on the other hand increases the risk of overlooking patients with invasive diarrhea who may benefit from antibiotic treatment. Combination of epidemiological and clinical data with either fecal leukocytes or fecal lactoferrin may provide a more efficient approach.


Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Bacterial Infections/diagnosis , Diarrhea/etiology , Feces/cytology , Leukocytes , Acute Disease , Developing Countries , Diarrhea/microbiology , Likelihood Functions , Predictive Value of Tests , ROC Curve , Retrospective Studies , Sensitivity and Specificity
11.
Kasmera ; 38(2): 128-137, jul.-dic. 2010. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-654055

ABSTRACT

Para determinar la presencia de Cryptosporidium sp. y otros parásitos intestinales; así como su relación con las pruebas coprocualitativas, se analizaron 100 muestras fecales de niños de 3 meses a 5 años de edad, que asistieron al Laboratorio de Parasitología del Servicio Autónomo del Hospital Universitario de Maracaibo (SAHUM) con diagnóstico clínico de diarrea. Estas muestras fueron sometidas a un examen macroscópico y microscópico con SSF (0,85%) y lugol, coloración de Kinyoun para la detección de coccidios intestinales y las pruebas coprocualitativas: sangre oculta, azucares reductores y pH. Del total de muestras estudiadas, el 12% evidenció parásitos. Las especies encontradas fueron Cryptosporidium sp., Giardia lamblia y Blastocystis hominis con 4%cada uno, Trichuris trichiura (2%), Ascaris lumbricoides (1%), Pentatrichomonas hominis (1%). No se encontró correlación entre las pruebas coprocualitativas y las especies parasitarias identificadas, así como tampoco entre parasitosis y sexo. Cryptosporidium sp. y Giardia lamblia fueron los parásitos patógenos más frecuentes en niños < 2 años de edad


To determine the presence of Cryptosporidium sp. and other intestinal parasites, as well as their relation to coproqualitative tests, fecal samples were analyzed from 100 children ranging from 3 months to 5 years old, who attended the Autonomous Service Parasitology Laboratory at the University Hospital of Maracaibo (SAHUM) with a clinical diagnosis of diarrhea. These samples were subjected to macroscopic and microscopic examination with SSF (0.85%) and iodine, Kinyoun stain for the detection of intestinal coccidia, coproqualitative tests (occult blood, reducing sugars and pH). Of all the samples studied, 12% evidenced parasites. The species found were Cryptosporidium sp. (4%), Ascaris lumbricoides (1%), Trichuris trichiura (2%) Pentatrichomonas hominis (1%), Giardia lamblia and Blastocystis hominis at (4%). There was no correlation between the coproqualitative tests and the parasitic species identified, nor was there any relation ship between parasitosis and gender. Cryptosporidium sp. and Giardia lamblia were the most frequent pathogenic parasites in children < 2 years old


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Cryptosporidium/parasitology , Diarrhea/parasitology , Diarrhea/pathology , Feces/cytology , Feces/parasitology , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/epidemiology , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/parasitology
12.
Invest. clín ; 50(1): 13-21, mar. 2009. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-518702

ABSTRACT

La criptosporidiosis en manipuladores de alimentos de Venezuela es desconocida. Con el propósito de determinar la prevalencia de Cryptosporidium y otros parásitos intestinales en manipuladores de alimentos del Estado Zulia, fueron evaluadas 119 muestras fecales mediante examen directo, método de concentración formol-éter y tinción permanente de Ziehl-Neelsen modificada. El 11,8% (14/119) de las muestras fueron positivas a Cryptosporidium. Todos los casos estaban asociados con otros protozoarios (p < 0,05), con mayor frecuencia Endolimax nana (42,9%). La prevalencia general de las parasitosis intestinales fue 48,7%, principalmente E. nana (41,2%), seguida por Blastocystis hominis (38,7%) y Entamoeba coli (17,6%). El monoparasitismo estuvo representado en el 37,9% (22/58) y el poliparasitismo en el 62,1% (36/58). El protozoario patógeno más frecuente fue Giardia lamblia (13,4%), seguido por el complejo Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (9,2%). El 4,1% de las muestras resultó positiva a helmintos con mayor frecuencia Ascaris lumbricoides (2,5%). La infección por Cryptosporidium sp y otros protozoarios es frecuente en los manipuladores de alimentos del Estado Zulia. Es necesario realizar estudios para determinar la relevancia clínica de esta parasitosis en manipuladores de alimentos y los consumidores de sus productos.


Cryptosporidiosis in food handlers from Venezuela is unknown, being this an important public health problem in immunosuppressed patients. To determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium sp and other intestinal parasites in food handlers from Zulia State, one hundred nineteen fecal samples were evaluated by wet mount, concentrated according to Ritchie and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Fourteen (11.8%) were positive for Cryptosporidium sp and associated with other protozoosis (P < 0.05), being most frequent Endolimax nana (42.9%). The general prevalence of the intestinal parasitism was 48.7%, emphasizing E. nana (41.2%), followed by Blastocystis hominis (38.7%) and Entamoeba coli (17.6%). The most frequent pathogenic protozoa was Giardia lamblia (13.4%), followed by the complex Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar (9.2%). 4.1% were positive for intestinal helminthes. The infection by Cryptosporidium sp is frequent in food handlers from Zulia State. Given to the results of this investigation and the nonexistence of studies in this population, is necessary to deepen in the impact of this parasitism in food handlers and the consumers of their products.


Subject(s)
Cryptosporidium/cytology , Cryptosporidium/parasitology , Food Handling , Feces/cytology , Feces/parasitology , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/prevention & control , Food Analysis
13.
Invest. clín ; 49(4): 499-510, dic. 2008. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-518675

ABSTRACT

Con el objeto de conocer la epidemiología y clínica de la infección por rotavirus (RV) tratada de forma ambulatoria, se realizó un estudio en 5 centros (un hospital tipo I y 4 ambulatorios) del estado Miranda, entre febrero 2006 y enero 2007. Se evaluaron 194 niños menores de 5 años con diarrea aguda y se analizaron las siguientes variables: género, edad, estrato socioeconómico, alimentación, estado nutricional, clínica, diagnóstico de RV por Ensayo Inmuno Enzimático (ELISA) y su tipificación G por RT-PCR. La población presentó las siguientes características: 53 por ciento de varones, 17,6 ± 14,05 meses de edad (media), 68 por ciento de clase obrera y marginal (Graffar 4 y 5), 59 por ciento de lactancia materna en el primer año de vida, 13 por ciento de desnutrición, 40 por ciento de deshidratación y 19 por ciento de infección por RV. Los episodios RV positivos se asociaron significativamente a vómitos (94 por ciento, P < 0,0001) y a desnutrición (30 por ciento, P = 0,0010) al compararlos con los RV negativos. En los casos deshidratados fue mayor significativamente la desnutrición (21 por ciento, P = 0,00232) y la presencia de RV (28 por ciento, P = 0,0407). Encontramos entre la población del hospital y los ambulatorios diferencias respecto al graffar 4 y 5 (90 por ciento vs 53 por ciento, P < 0,0001), desnutrición (23 por ciento vs 6 por ciento, P = 0,006), deshidratación (63 por ciento vs 24 por ciento, P<0,0001) y RV (27 por ciento vs 13 por ciento, P = 0,027). Se tipificaron 14 cepas RV positivos resultando el 29 por ciento de tipo G1, 21 por ciento de G3 y 14 por ciento de G4. Este estudio sugiere que los RV, en la región estudiada, son causa de diarreas severas asociadas a desnutrición, pobreza y afectan significativamente a la población mayor de un año.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Diarrhea, Infantile/virology , Feces/cytology , Feces/parasitology , Rotavirus/pathogenicity
14.
Dolor ; 17(50): 22-31, dic. 2008. ilus, tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-677762

ABSTRACT

La constipación es uno de los principales efectos secundarios indeseables entre pacientes de cáncer que usan opioides. A veces, este problema afecta el óptimo uso de opioides y por ende, la analgesia. La prevalencia de estreñimiento se estima entre el 15 y el 90 por ciento en este grupo. No existen datos en Chile sobre la magnitud real del problema. Este estudio está basado en una encuesta a pacientes de varias Unidades de Cuidados Paliativos en Santiago. El objetivo fue estimar la prevalencia, la intensidad y la forma cómo la constipación afecta la vida diaria y su relación con el uso de opioides. Se entrevistaron 177 pacientes con un cuestionario de 27 puntos: 73 hombres y 104 mujeres. El 50,6 por ciento eran mayores de 60 años con cáncer avanzado de distintas etiologías. La constipación se estimó con un score de 0 a 6, adaptado del original de Fallon. El 86 por ciento de los pacientes reportó constipación con un score de 0 a 3, lo que significaba la mayor intendidad del síntoma. El 14 por ciento tiene un score de 4 a 6, lo que significaba no constipación. Los pacientes usaban opioides débiles en el 45 por ciento de los casos, y opioides potentes en un 55 por ciento; el tiempo utilizado fue una media de 60 días (3-202 días). El 71 por ciento de los pacientes estaban utilizando laxantes, el 28,9 por ciento utiliza 2 o más laxantes y 1 de cada 5 usaba además enemas evacuantes. No se encontró relación entre el tipo de opioide, tiempo de uso y la gravedad de la constipación. Los pacientes constipados mostraron deterioro estadísticamente significativo en las actividades de la vida diaria, en comparación con el grupo no constipado. Conclusión: Aunque se toman medidas en la prevención de la constipación en pacientes encológicos que usan opioides, el problema de la constipación es todavía grave en esta población.


Constipation is a major undesirable side effect among cancer patients under opioid treatment. Sometimes this problem affects the optimal use of opioids and therefore, analgesia. Between 15 percent and 90 percent of these patients suffer from constipation. There is no information available to measure the real effects of this problem in Chile. This study is based on a survey using patients from several Palliative Care Units in Santiago. The objetive is to estimate the prevalence, intensity and the effects of constipation in the patients' daily life and its relation to the use of opioids. 177 patients were interviewed and answered a 27 item questionnaire. From this total, 73 were men and 104 women. 50.6 percent of these patients were over 60 years of age with different types of cancer at advanced stages. The score used for making estimates was 0 to 6 and was adapted from the original Fallon. 86 percent of patients reported a constipation score fro 0 to 3, which reflected the highest intensity of the symptom. 14 percent reached a score of 4 to 6, which meant no constipation. In 45 percent of cases patients used weak opioids and strong ones were used in 55 percent of cases for an average of 60 days (3-202 days). 715 of patients were using laxatives, 28.9 percent used 2 or more laxatives and 1 out of 5 also used enemas. No relation was found between the type of opioid, the opioid ese length, and the seriousness of constipation. Constipated patients showed significant more difficulties in their day to day lives than non constipated patients. Conclusion: Although measure are taken to prevent constipation in cancer patients under opioid treatment, this is still a serious issue to be solved.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects , Constipation/diagnosis , Constipation/epidemiology , Constipation/etiology , Neoplasms/complications , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Quality of Life/psychology , Pain, Postoperative/complications , Feces/cytology , Laxatives/administration & dosage , Laxatives/therapeutic use , Morbidity Surveys , Prospective Studies
15.
Rev. cient. (Maracaibo) ; 18(3): 271-277, mayo-jun. 2008. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-548702

ABSTRACT

Se determinó la digestabilidad fecal de nutrientes de cinco follajes tropicales en 72 conejos Nueva Zelandia x Califormia de 45 días de edad, mediante el método de colección total de heces. Los follajes fueron de leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala), naranjillo (Trichanthera gigantea), morena (Morus alba), maní forrajero (Arachis pintoi) o batata (Ipomoea batatas). La digestabilidad de la materia orgánica (45,41; 37.38; 60,51; 48,25 y 37,58 por ciento), contenido de energía digestible (2092, 1860, 2378, 1981 y 1388 kcal/kg de dieta) y proteína digestible (14,97; 12,49; 12,79; 13,90 y 6,74 g/kg) para L. leucocephala, T. gigantea, M. alba, A. pintoi e I. batatas se encontraron los valores más altos y más bajos de digestabilidad fecal de nutrientes. El contenido de energía digestible y proteína digestible, así como la digestabilidad de nutrientes considerados en follaje de L. leucocephala, T. gigantea, M. alba y A. pintoi permiten sugerir que presentan un interesante potencial nutritivo y constituyen ingredientes utilizables en la formulación de dietas para conejos.


Faecal nutrient digestibility of five tropical foliages was determined in 72 New Zealand x California fattening rabbits of 45 days old fed diets containing forage from either Leucaena leucocephala, Trichanthera gigantea, Morus alba, Arachis pintoi or Ipomoea batatas. Nutrient digestibility indices were determined by a direct method (total collection). There were differences (P<0.01) for the organic matter digestibility (45.41, 37.38, 60.51, 48.25 and 37.58%), content of digestible energy (2092, 1860, 2378, 1981 and 1388 kcal/kg) and digestible protein (14.97, 12.49, 12.79, 13.90 and 6.74 g/kg) for L. leucocephala, T. gigantea, M. alba, A. pintoi and I. batatas, respectively. Overall, diets containing mulberry foliage or sweet potato forage determined the highest and lowest values for faecal digestibility, respectively. The content of energy digestible and protein digestible, and the digestibility of nutriments in L. leucocephala, T. gigantea, M. alba and A. pintoi foliage allow to suggest that they present an interesting nutritious potential and constitute usable ingredients in rabbits diets formulation.


Subject(s)
Animals , Rabbits , Animal Feed/adverse effects , Digestion , Feces/cytology , Animal Nutrition Sciences , Veterinary Medicine
16.
Iatreia ; 21(1): 5-12, mar. 2008. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-506597

ABSTRACT

En la mayoría de los estudios que evalúan la presencia de leucocitos en las materias fecales no se determinan la sensibilidad y especificidad del examen de acuerdo con el recuento de dichas células. Objetivo: evaluar el recuento de leucocitos en las materias fecales comoprueba diagnóstica para predecir la presencia de Salmonella o Shigella. Diseño: estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en el Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe, de Medellín, Colombia, en 905 coprocultivos hechos a pacientes hospitalizados con enfermedad diarreica aguda. Métodos: se registraron el recuento de leucocitos y el resultado del coprocultivo. Este último se tomó como el estándar de oro para evaluar el rendimiento de los diferentes valores del recuento. Resultados: los porcentajes de sensibilidad y especificidad de la prueba, de acuerdo con el recuento de leucocitos fueron, respectivamente: 1-5: 89,2% y 57,1%; 6-10: 86,2% y 52,8%; 11-20: 77,7% y 62,7%; 21-30: 63,9% y 76,3%; 31-50: 45,2% y 85,5%; más de 50: 28,3% y 90,9%. El área bajo la curva fue de 0,7699 (IC 95%: 0,7275-0,8123). Conclusiones: la sensibilidad de la prueba descendió y su especificidad aumentó en la medida en que se incrementaba el recuento de leucocitos en la materia fecal. La baja especificidadcon los valores inferiores del recuento de leucocitos puede deberse a la presencia de otros agentes enteroinvasores o a enfermedades diarreicas de causas no infecciosas.


In most studies of fecal leukocyte counts as predictors of the result of stool cultures the sensitivity and specificity were not determined. Objective: to evaluate fecal leukocyte counts as apredictor of the presence of Salmonella and Shigella. Design: a descriptive, cross section study was carried out in 905 stool cultures at a university hospital in Medellín, Colombia. Results for Salmonella and Shigella were taken as the gold standard to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of fecal leukocyte counts. Results: sensitivity and specificity, according to the level of the count, were, respectively: 1-5 leukocytes: 89.2% and 57.1%; 6-10 leukocytes: 86.2% and 52.8%; 11-20 leukocytes: 77.7% and 62.7%; 21-30 leukocytes: 63.9% and 76.3%; 31-50 leukocytes: 45.2% and 85.5%; more than 50 leukocytes: 28.3% and 90.9%. The area under the curve was 0.7699 (CI 95%: 0.7275-0.8123). Conclusions: sensitivity decreased and specificity increased with higher counts of fecal leukocytes. Low specificity with the lesser values of leukocyte counts may be due to either the presence ofenteroinvasive pathogens other than Salmonella and Shigella, or to non-infectious diarrheal disease.


Subject(s)
Diarrhea/diagnosis , Feces/cytology , Salmonella , Shigella
17.
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health ; 2006 Jul; 37(4): 747-54
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-30582

ABSTRACT

We evaluated the usefulness of enumeration of fecal leukocytes and erythrocytes in making an early diagnosis of Shigella infection, where Shigella is a leading cause of invasive diarrhea. Stool specimens from 561 invasive diarrhea patients were submitted for microscopic examination. A presumptive diagnosis of shigellosis based on microscopic examination was made in 389 of them; 227 had stool cultures positive for Shigella spp (Shigella patients). One hundred sixty-two patients with no detectable Shigella infection (non-Shigella invasive diarrhea cases) served as a comparison group. Two hundred twenty-seven randomly selected Shigella patients and 227 non-Shigella infectious diarrhea cases from the surveillance system database of the hospital constituted another group for comparative evaluation. The stool specimens of the patients were examined under the microscope, and isolation, biochemical characterization and serotyping of Shigella were performed. In comparison with non-Shigella invasive diarrhea cases, the presence of >50 WBC/hpf in association with any number of RBC in the fecal sample had a modest sensitivity of 67%, specificity of 59%, positive predictive value of 70%, negative predictive value of 56%, accuracy of 64%, and positive likelihood ratio of 1.6 in predicting shigellosis. Comparison between Shigella and non-Shigella infectious diarrhea patients revealed the presence of >20 WBC/hpf was a less accurate predictor of shigellosis (sensitivity 51%, specificity 88%, positive predictive value 81%, negative predictive value 64%, accuracy 69%, and positive likelihood ratio 4.1). Direct microscopical examination of stool specimens for the presence of WBC and RBC may facilitate the early diagnosis of shigellosis, and may be a cheap alternative to stool culture in this setting.


Subject(s)
Bangladesh , Blood Cell Count , Diarrhea/etiology , Dysentery, Bacillary/complications , Feces/cytology , Humans , Predictive Value of Tests , Sensitivity and Specificity , Urban Population
18.
Acta cient. Soc. Venez. Bioanalistas Esp ; 9(2): 43-52, 2006. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-733471

ABSTRACT

La gastroenteritis en Venezuela es la principal causa de muerte y morbilidad en la población infantil. La falta de adecuadas metodologías diagnósticas en el laboratorio de rutina impide identificar todos los posibles microorganismos causantes de gastroenteritis enfocando el diagnóstico al estudio de parásitos protozoarios o helmintos, bacterias aeróbicas y en menos grado virus y hongos. Basado en esto, decidimos determinar si el norovirus es el agente causal de gastroenteritis en nuestro país, determinar las condiciones ambientales y sanitarias en la comunidad en estudio y analizar los esquemas y técnicas diagnósticas actualmente utilizadas en los centros de salud. Se evaluaron 173 muestras de heces de pacientes que asistieron al laboratorio del Hospital Magallanes de Catia. Se utilizó un kit de inmunoensayo enzimático, ELISA RIDASCREEN norovirus de r-biopharm AG, alemania, el cual permite el diagnóstico in vitro e identificación cualitativa de los norovirus genogrupo I y II en muestras de heces. De las 173 muestras de heces analizadas 29 (16,76%) resultaron positivas, 144 (83,32%) fueron negativas. Cuando se evaluaron por grupo etario, el grupo de niños de 6-13 años se obtuvo el mayor número de muestras positivas (8) seguido del grupo de niños 0 - 5 años con 7 muestras positivas. Se encontró mayor frecuencia de norovirus en muestras con aspecto heterogéneo, color marrón y verde de consistencia blanda y alcalina, así mismo 19,08% de las muestras fueron positivas para algún parásito (Protozoario o Helmintos) visibles en el examen microscópico directo. Se demostró que 16,76% de las diarreas en le grupo evaluado fueron por norovirus, siendo importante su determinación para el diagnóstico de gastroenteritis.


Gastroenteritis is the main cause of death and morbidity among children in Venezuela. The lack of adequate diagnostic methodologies in the laboratory reduce the identification of all possible microorganisms that cause gastroenteritis, since they focus the diagnosis on the study of parasites, protozoa or helminthes, aerobic bacteria and, to a lesser degree, on viruses and fungi. Based on this, we decided to determine if the norovirus is the causal agent of gastroenteritis in our country; to determine the environmental and sanitary conditions in the community under study; and, to analyze the diagnostic framework and techniques currently used in healthcare centers. 173 fecal samples of patients that visited the laboratory of the Hospital Magallanes in Catia were evaluated. An enzymatic immunoassay kit, ELISA RIDASCREEN norovirus of r-biopharm AG, Germany, was used since it permits the in vitro diagnosis and the qualitative identification of the norovirus genogroups I and II in fecal samples. Of the 173 stool samples analyzed, 29 (16.76%) tested positive, 144 (83.32%) tested negative. When evaluated by age group, the group of children between 6-13 years old presented the greatest number of positive samples (8), followed by the group of children between 0-5 with 7 positive samples. The highest frequency of norovirus was found in samples of heterogeneous appearance, brown-green color, soft and alkaline consistency; also, 19.08% of the samples tested positive for some type of parasite (Protozoa or Helminthes), visible with direct microscopic examination. So, we can conclude that it was shown that 16.76% of the diarrheas in the evaluation group were due to norovirus, its determination being important for the diagnosis of gastroenteritis.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Gastroenteritis/complications , Gastroenteritis/diagnosis , Gastroenteritis/blood , Feces/cytology , Feces/virology , Norovirus/pathogenicity , Hematology
20.
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health ; 2002 Dec; 33(4): 752-7
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-34152

ABSTRACT

Current data on pathogen prevalence and drug resistance patterns are important for treatment and vaccine-development strategies. An etiologic study of acute bacterial dysentery was conducted in children up to 12 years of age in 2 major hospitals in and around Bangkok. Stool samples or rectal swabs and clinical data were collected. Standard microbiological methods were used to detect Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Vibrio, Aeromonas and Plesiomonas. Pathogenic E. coli (ETEC, EIEC, STEC) was identified by digoxigenin-labeled probes. A total of 623 cases were enrolled: median age 11.0 months (range 1 month-12 years). At least one bacterial pathogen was isolated in 55% of cases. Campylobacter was the most common pathogen found (28%), whereas Salmonella, Shigella and ETEC were isolated from 18%, 9% and 6% respectively. EIEC, Vibrio and Plesiomonas were isolated from <1% and no STEC was detected. C. jejuni serotypes 36, 4 and 11 were the most common. The mean age of cases with Campylobacter was significantly lower than with Shigella (17.9 vs 52.8 months, p<0.001). Clinical presentations of Campylobacter and Shigella infections were compared: fever (28% vs 37%), abdominal colic (62% vs 80%, p<0.05), vomiting (38% vs 70%, p<0.001) and bloody stools (52% vs 48%). The Campylobacter isolates (80% C. jejuni, 20% C. coli) were 90% resistant to ciprofloxacin but sensitive to macrolides. All the Shigella isolates (70% S. sonnei) were sensitive to quinolones. Our study illustrates the increasing importance of quinolone-resistant Campylobacter and the decline of Shigella in the etiology of dysentery in Thailand. The clinical presentation of campylobacteriosis is similar to that of shigellosis, except that the patients may be younger and there may be less association with colic and vomiting; having fecal leukocytes will be >10/HPF. The use of macrolide antibiotics rather than quinolones would be reasonable in children <24 months of age; fluoroquinolones will be ineffective in at least half of culture-positive cases.


Subject(s)
4-Quinolones , Abdominal Pain/microbiology , Acute Disease , Age Distribution , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Anti-Infective Agents , Campylobacter Infections/drug therapy , Child , Child, Preschool , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Dysentery/drug therapy , Dysentery, Bacillary/drug therapy , Feces/cytology , Female , Fever/microbiology , Humans , Infant , Leukocyte Count , Macrolides , Male , Patient Selection , Population Surveillance , Prevalence , Salmonella Infections/drug therapy , Serotyping , Thailand/epidemiology , Vomiting/microbiology
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